The novella immediately announces
itself as a surreal work of post-modernism, deconstructing itself as even being
a book. It is not really about trout fishing, but it hangs loosely together around
that conceit as it spawns ideas and floats off down streams and meandering tributaries.
The chapters are very short – a page or
two at most – and the first one explains the purpose of its own cover. The
language is hallucinogenic and often touchingly whimsical as the book defies
all conventions in an extremely self-aware manner.
First published in 1967, the novella has a
strong element of The Machine in the Garden about it, as Brautigan seems
to reflect on nature and the destruction of the environment. A child thinks he
sees a waterfall, but really it is “just a flight of white wooden stairs
leading up to a house in the trees.” The author remembers how he once mistook
an old woman for a trout stream in Vermont. “‘Excuse me,’ I said, ‘I thought
you were a trout stream.’ ‘I’m not,’ she said.” In another chapter, an
abandoned shack has a notice nailed to the front door. “NO TRESPASSING 4/17 OF
A HAIKU”
It
is nostalgic in the way that it captures a moment in time, but then suspends it.
The contemporary context may be a poor pretext for the sexism that was
prevalent in the era, but it can’t excuse the fact that some passages are misogynist
and highly distasteful. Brautigan was a contemporary of Kerouac, Burroughs,
Kesey and other (always male) beat writers. He usually refers to “the woman I
was travelling with” and women are peripheral, mentioned only in relation to
their use to men. “The only woman he could find up there was a
three-hundred-pound Indian squaw. She had twin fifteen-year-old daughters and
he wanted to get into them. But the squaw worked it so that he only got into
her. She was clever that way.”
Trout
Fishing in America writes letters; it is a slogan written on the backs of first
graders in chalk by a gang of sixth graders; it is a pen nib, “with a stroke of
cool green trees along the river’s shore, wild flowers and dark fins pressed
against the paper”; it moves to Alaska to escape the heat of New York, leaving
a forwarding address; it has Maria Callas for a girlfriend; it is its own
autopsy as if “it had been Lord Byron and had died in Missolonghi, Greece, and
afterward never saw the shores of Idaho again”; it is an item for sale at The
Cleveland Wrecking Yard where it is sold by the foot length, “You can buy as
little as you want or you can buy all we’ve got left… We’re selling the waterfalls
separately of course, and the trees and birds, flowers, grass and ferns we’re
also selling extra. The insects we’re giving away free with a minimum purchase
of ten feet of stream.”
There
are oddly specific similes, many of which are fancifully extended. Dead fish “had
been turned white by death, like frost on iron doors. Their eyes were large and
stiff.” Some descriptions are gloriously visual. “The streets were white and
dry like a collision at a high rate between a cemetery and a truck loaded with
sacks of flour.” Others are nonsensical and absurdist for their own sake, such
as when mentioning small wooden markers in a graveyard for the poor.
“Eventually the seasons would take care of their wooden names like a sleepy
short-order cook cracking eggs over a grill next to a railroad station.”
Sometimes
Brautigan falls into a simpler writing that comes close to being a studied
imitation of Hemingway’s plain style or even a parody of it. When travelling,
the narrator gets picked up by a farmer in a truck. “The farmer did not ruin
his audition for the Metropolitan Opera by making a sound. He just nodded his
head again. The truck started up. He was the original silent old farmer.” He
can deflate situations before they even begin. “The garbage was a problem for a
little while and then we discovered a way to get rid of it.” And he can include
universal transcendent hallucinogenic passages: “You made love standing,
sitting, lying on the dirt floor with pigs and chickens around you. The walls,
the floor and even the roof of the hut were covered with your sperm and her
come.”
The book resembles an LSD trip, as if Lewis
Carroll were writing it on acid. There’s clearly a time and place for this sort of this –
I’m just not sure it’s here and now.
On a recent trip to Sydney, we went to the World Press Photo Exhibition 2023 at the State Library of New South Wales. The annual exhibition presents the results of the 2023 World Press Photo Contest - the best and most important photojournalism and documentary photography of the last year. The winners were chosen by an independent jury that reviewed more than 60,448 photographs entered by 3,752 photographers.
We all know that bad news sells - few people want to read good news stories - and so it is with the photos in this exhibition. There are harrowing images of war, floods, drought, poverty, incarceration, and ecological disasters, leading to a warning such as the one above, and the one below: the photo of the year.
Mariupol Maternity Hospital Airstrike by Evgeniy Malolekta
Iryna Kalinina (32), an injured pregnant woman, is carried from a maternity hospital that was damaged during a Russian airstrike in Mariupol, Ukraine, on 9 March 2022. Her baby, named Miron (after the word for 'peace') was stillborn, and half an hour later Iryna died as well. An OSCE report concluded the hospital was deliberately targeted by Russia, resulting in three deaths and some 17 injuries. The jury felt the photo depicted an attack on the future of Ukraine. Evgeniy Maloletka photographed the image on assignment for Associated Press.
The port of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov was the first city struck when Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Civilians were hit hard.
The strategically important port is one of the largest Russian-0speaking cities in Ukraine, a major industrial hub, and vital for the country's steel exports. The territory was also of symbolic value to invading forces as it represented a large step towards building a land bridge between the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) and Crimea, which Russia had illegally annexed in 2014.
Images from The Siege of Mariupol by Evgeniy Maloletka
Top: 06 March 2022 - Zhanna Goma (right) and her neighbours settle in a bomb shelter in Mariupol, Ukraine.
Middle left: 11 March 2022 - Serhiy Kralya, a civilian injured during shelling by Russian forces, rests after surgery at a hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine.
Middle right: 11 March 2022 - Russian army tanks move through a street on the outskirts of Mariupol. The Z marking is one of several symbols painted on Russian military vehicles in the early stages of the invasion.
Bottom left: 04 March 2022 - Marina Yatsko and her boyfriend Olesksandr Kulahin bring her 18-moth son Kirill, fatally wounded during shelling, to a hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine.
Bottom right: 09 March 2022 - People place dead bodies in a mass grave in an old cemetery in Mariupol. According to the BBC, on some days during periods of heavy Russian shelling, up to 150 people a day were buried in mass graves.
By early March, Russian forces had completely surrounded the city, restricting water, power and food supplies. Some 200,000 citizens were trapped in Mariupol, as attempts to evacuate them failed. Russian bombardment devastated the city, and included civilian targets such as a maternity hospital and a theatre where people were sheltering. Evgeniy Maloletka, who is Ukrainian, was one of very few photographers documenting events in Mariupol at that time.
Image from The Siege of Mariupol by Evgeniy Malolekta
On 21 April, President Vladimir Putin announced that Russian forces had taken Mariupol, but the city council said that 1,000 civilians alongside thousands of Ukrainian soldiers were holding out in the giant Azovstal steelworks. By 20 May, the soldiers defending the steelworks had surrendered, and the UN and Red Cross were able to evacuate the citizens. The UN Human Rights Office confirmed 1,348 civilian deaths during the siege of Mariupol, stating that the actual death toll was likely thousands higher: Ukraine says that figure is more than 25,000.
At the time of this exhibition in April 2023, Mariupol remained under Russian occupation. Russia has begun rebuilding the city and scrubbing it of its Ukrainian identity by renaming streets and changing school curriculums.
The exhibition includes a short history of World Press Photo: since 1955, World Press Photo has connected the world to the stories that matter. The non-profit organisation remains committed to press freedom and the power of visual journalism by providing platforms that present accurate, diverse, and trustworthy images.
1955 - A group of Dutch photographers organizes the first World Press Photo contest to introduce their work to a global audience
1967 -Although black-and-white pictures still dominate the submissions, and chromogenic printing remains expensive, the jury awards World Press Photo of the Year to a colour photograph for the first time
1972 - The annual exhibition featuring current winners of the World Press Photo contest begins to tour outside the Netherlands. Since then, the exhibition has travelled to 129 countries
1977 - Francoise Demulder becomes the first woman whose work is awarded World Press Photo of the Year
1990 Charlie Cole's photograph of a demonstrator in front of tanks in Tiananmen Square becomes a symbol of peaceful resistance. To this day, this picture remains banned in China
Tank Man, Tiananmen Square by Charlie Cole
2002 - Fourteen years after creation of the JPEG, digital entries surpass analogue entries for the first time in the history of the contest
2019 - John Moore's photograph of a child from Honduras at the US border, which wins World Press Photo of the Year, leads to the repeal of the 'Zero Tolerance' policy that permitted separating immigrant parents from their children when apprehended
2021- To better represent a plurality of perspectives and global voices, World Press Photo introduces a new regional strategy, changing the set-up of the annual contest, the categories, and the judging
2022 World Press Photo of the Year by Amber Bracken
2022 - With her photograph of a roadside memorial commemorating the deaths of indigenous children who attended the Kamloops Indian Residential School in Canada, Amber Bracken becomes the first person to win World Press Photo of the Year without depicting a human figure
Woman, Life, Freedom
This photo-based video project narrates one chaotic night in the life of an Iranian nurse as she saves the life of a young protestor called Reza. The footage offers a rare glimpse into the dangers faced by protestors on the streets of Iran today, situated in the context of an inciting incident: on 16 September 2022, Mahsa 'Jina' Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, died after she was arrested by the Islamic Republic's morality police for allegedly violation the country's strict rules restricting the dress and conduct of women. The ensuing protests quickly intensified, spreading across the country. The Islamic Republic responded by disrupting internet access and violently repressing uprisings. Because hospitals are controlled by the regime, anyone injured in the protests risks arrest and further abuse upon seeking medical attention.
Iranian photographer Hossein Fatemi encountered the nurse in the video while providing support to local Iranian photographers covering the protests. Images and video for this project were captured by local photojournalists, the nurse herself, and a photographer on assignment to cover her story. Journalists and photographers attempting to report on the protests face reprisals from the Iranian regime, ranging from intimidation to arrest and violent abuse. Due to these efforts, it is difficult to know what is really happening inside the country. Many of the photographers who captured the images seen here will remain anonymous for security reasons.
Images from The Price of Peace in Afghanistan by Mads Nissen
These two images are from a collection that won World Press Photo Story of the Year, which captures the daily life of people living across Afghanistan in 2022. The top image shows Khalil Ahmad (15), whose parents, unable to afford food for the family, decided to sell his kidney for US$3,500. After the operation, Khalil suffers chronic pain and no longer has the strength for football and cricket. The lack of jobs and the threat of starvation has led to a dramatic increase in the illegal organ trade.
The bottom image shows women and children begging for bread outside a bakery in central Kabul, Afghanistan. Bread is a staple in Afghanistan, but soaring prices have forced more and more people to rely entirely on the compassion of others.
In August 2021, the withdrawal of US and allied forces from Afghanistan marked the end of a 20-year long attempt at nation-building. Taliban forces, having sustained an insurgency across the country, returned to power shortly after the collapse of the Afghan state. Consequently, all international aid, which in 2019 accounted for an estimated 80 percent of the country's expenditures, was halted, and 7 to 9 billion dollars of assets belonging to the Afghan state were frozen. Without these two sources of government income, the already fragile Afghan economy effectively collapsed.
National gross domestic product of Afghanistan dropped to around 25 percent of its peak in early 2021. Estimates for 2022 suggest that 97 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and 95 percent of people do not have enough to eat. Nine million people are at risk of famine and, according to the UN, over a million children are severely malnourished. COVID-19, intense droughts, and the inability of aid organisations to bring relief to those in need have all exacerbated the crisis, which is only expected to worsen in 2023.
The Nomad's Final Journey by Jonathan Fontaine
This highly-commended image shows Samira (16) looking out onto Qolodo camp near Gode in the Somali Region, Ethiopia, on 16 May 2022. Her family owned 45 goats and 10 camels, all of which died during recent droughts.
Nomadic peoples of Ethiopia and Somalia depend on their livestock, migrating across their territory to pasture their animals. In recent years water scarcity has threatened these livestock. Exacerbated by the climate crisis, droughts have devastated the region which, according to the World Food Program, now endanger the food security of over 26 million people. With many families forced to seek aid in climate refugee camps, social structures are weakening, precipitating violence against women and a host of mental health crises.
As droughts persist annually, women, who are often responsible for finding water, bear an enormous share of the physical and mental toll exacted by the ongoing crisis.
The text in the image above reads: This map, generated by RSF (Reporters Sans Frontiers) represents the current state of press freedom in 180 countries and territories. To arrive at the results compiled and visualised here RSF conducted extensive research during the past calendar year. In addition to distributing questionnaires among journalists, RSF also employed a panel of experts who ranked press freedom around the world according to five equally-weighted criteria: political context, legal framework, economic context, sociocultural context and safety. Their rankings are coded by colour, with the highest level of press freedom classified as 'good situation'. As you can see, that's pretty much Scandinavia. And that's it.
Part of Me by Nadia Shira Cohen
Surrogate mothers Vin Win (right) and Ry Ly (left) were arrested during a raid to fight trafficking in 2018. They live near one another and their children from surrogacy, Korng (3, left) and Phavit (4, right) often play together. Vin Win is separated from her husband who resents the situation.
This series portrays Cambodian surrogate mothers who have been required to raise their surrogate children as their own ever since Cambodia began prosecuting surrogacy in 2016.
Surrogacy - the act of carrying and birthing a baby for another person or couple - was accepted in practice in Cambodia until 2016, when the government started prosecuting surrogate mothers under already existing human trafficking laws. In 2018, a raid on a house in Phnom Penh led to the arrest and imprisonment of 32 women who were acting as surrogates to predominantly Chinese parents. Nearly all gave birth in confinement and, after sentencing by the Cambodian Supreme Court, all were obliged to raise the babies themselves or face prison terms.
Many of the women sought surrogacy arrangements with Chinese family planning agencies in order to help their families escape impoverishment and, in some instances, indebtedness from microfinance loans. In recent years, Cambodian households have become some of the most indebted on Earth and a major contributing factor has been the poorly regulated microfinancing sector. The rising burden of financial debt has resulted in an increase in child labour and families forced to sell their homes and land. For many of the women portrayed in this series, surrogacy represented a way out of debt, but now with the court ruling against them, their lives have become more difficult. Despite financial, social, and personal challenges, many of the would-be surrogate mothers have formed a deep bond with their children even as they express sadness that their children will not be able to benefit from the economic advantages that their biological parents could provide.
Death of a Nation by Kimberly dela Cruz
Winner of the long-term projects in the Southeast Asia and Oceania category, this project documents the Philippines' drugs offensive from its outset, capturing its broadening focus and the continued impact on families involved. The above photograph shows Jazmine Durana (15) cradling her month-old daughter Hazel on 2 February 2017, at the wake of her partner John 'Toto' Dela Cruz (16), who was shot by men wearing black masks a few days earlier.
Soon after taking office in June 2016, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte began a concerted 'war on drugs', repeatedly ordering attacks against suspects. A surge of extrajudicial killings followed, perpetrated not only by police but also by masked vigilantes and other civilians. Amnesty International reports that executions mostly target low-income communities. The Philippine National Police admits to more than 6,000 such deaths to date; local human rights organisations put the figure at 30,000. The police appear to act with impunity, with only a handful of these killings being seriously investigated and almost no prosecutions.
Images from Death of a Nation
Top left: November 01, 2016 - Neighbours survey the crime scene hours after masked men massacred Manuel Evangelista, Admar Velarde, Paulo Tuboro, Jennifer Discargar, and Catalino Algueles, in Mandaluyong, the Philippines.
Top Right: 04 January 2017 - AJ (16) mourns at the scene where unidentified assailants have shot his neighbour Antonio Perez outside his home in Pasay City, the Philippines.
Bottom left: March 04, 2017 - the body of Kristita Padual lies at the crime scene, after unidentified murderers killed her and Ernesto Moritz while they were having dinner beside the road, in Quezon City, the Philippines.
Bottom right: December 09, 2016 - Men shield their faces from the media after being arrested in a food factory that the police claimed to be a drug den, in Pandacan, Manila, the Philippines.
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Philippines has a low prevalence of drug use compared to the global average. Human rights organisations such as the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) and Amnesty International say killings often target political opponents, activists or marginalised groups. A Human Rights Watch report found that many of the killings that police attributed to drug gangs to be a veneer to shield themselves from culpability for executions carried out without legal process - an accusation the police refute, claiming self-defense.
Images from Death of a Nation
Top left: 08 September 2019 - Nestor and Alma watch the evening news, in Quezon City, the Philippines. Exactly three years earlier, their son Richard was killed during a police operation - an event that was reported on the news at the time.
Top right: 21 February 2022 - The family of Rovelyn and Richard Cham receive the urns containing their ashes in Tayuman, Manila, the Philippines. Unknown gunmen killed the couple at home in 2016.
Bottom left: 22 November 2019 - Mothers and widows of war-on-drugs victims rehearse for a theatre performance in Tondo, Manilla, the Philippines. Sarah Celiz (centre) lost two of her sons in 2016 and 2017 and was left to care for her 12 grandchildren. The performance was organised by Paghilom (Healing), a program started in 2016 by former drug user Father Flaviano Villanueva for the families of victims of the war on drugs, providing them with support and counseling.
Bottom right: 14 February 2022 - Mary Anne Domingo stands outside a courthouse after giving testimony, in Caloocan, the Philippines. She brought a case against the police after her husband and son were killed in a raid in 2016. The trial commenced in 2021.
In 2020, Fatou Bensouda, then the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, said there was a 'reasonable basis to believe' that crimes against humanity had been committed in the Philippines in connection with President Duterte's drugs offensive. In July 2022, Duterte's successor President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. announced a refocus of the anti-drug offensive onto rehabilitation, however, killings continue and reforms have not yet been made to rehabilitation programs, according to Human Rights Watch.
The photographer has been documenting the war on drugs since its outset, and the jury commended her ability to capture the continued impact on families involved.
The Dying River by Jonas Kako (winner of the North and Central America, Singles category)
Alfredo, Ubaldo, and Jose tend beehives near Wenden in the Arizona desert, United States. A substantial decrease in rainfall in the area means that the men must now provide water for the bees in troughs. Heat and drought weakens bees, making them more susceptible to pathogens and parasites, and impacts the pants from which they feed. Between 2019 and 2020, colonies of managed honey-bees declined by 43.7% across the US. Bees are vital for pollinating many crops, and so play an important role in food security for humans.
This image is part of a broader project on how the climate crisis and increasing water demand are affecting the Colorado River, which flows nearby. Annual flow in the Colorado River has shrunk 20 percent in the past 30 years, according to a river program manager. The Colorado relies on snow melt from the Rocky Mountains and precipitation in upstream forests that collects in lakes and natural reservoirs. Drought and global heating have accelerated evaporation from reservoirs, and melted snowpack faster, so that rivers run dry earlier in the season. Hot, dry conditions have also parched the soil, which soaks up precipitation before it even reaches the river.
Water diverted for agriculture accounts for up to 80 percent of consumption in the Colorado River Basin, and a series of dams along the course of the river - providing drinking water to more than 40 million people and hydroelectric power to meet the needs of some seven million - further shrinks the flow.
In late 2022, the US government implemented severe restrictions on river-water use in states along the course of the Colorado River, cutting Arizona's annual allocation by 21 percent.
Jury comment: This portrait of beekeepers is visually clean and sparks interest and curiosity to understand the issue at hand. The image is subtle and understated, and the jury was impressed by the composition of bees across all thirds. While the topic resonates at ag global level, the image itself encourages us to sit with these particular people and consider how they might be impacted by the ongoing environmental crisis.
Oil Spill in Lima by Musuk Nolte
On 15 January, nearly 12,000 barrels of crude oil spilled into the sea while a tanker was unloading at Repsol's La Pampilla refinery. Repsol, the Peruvian government, and the Italian tanker company each disputed the cause of the spillage, trading accusations of negligence, inadequacy of equipment, and mismanagement.
The spill extended over 7.13 square kilometres, polluting beaches, killing wildlife, and impacting livelihoods in what the Peruvian government termed the country's worst ecological disaster in recent memory.
The oil reached three marine protected areas: Lomas de Ancon, the Pescadores Islets, and Punta Salina. The plankton-rich Peruvian Pacific waters sustain a chain of marine life, from anchovies to dolphins and seabirds. Marine mammals and birds are especially vulnerable, as the oil affects their eyes, nasal tissue and their insulating capacity, potentially leading to suffocation and hypothermia. Commercial fisheries, people relying on tourism, and local communities dependent on seafood for their diets also suffered. UN experts believe the effects of the spill will last up to ten years.
Alpaqueros by Alessandro Cinque
Vital to the livelihoods of many people in the Peruvian Andes, alpacas face new challenges due to the climate crisis. Part of the camelid family, alpacas can endure the high altitudes of the Andes and are a critical source of income for farmers in an environment where few or no crops can be cultivated. They are primarily bred for their fine fibre (wool) which is highly prized for knitwear and woven cloth. Tens of thousands of Andean families depend on raising alpacas or dealing in their fibre for subsistence. Among local Indigenous communities such as the Quechia, alpacas are also embedded in cultural and ritual life.
The climate crisis is putting alpacas and the communities they sustain at risk. Shorter rainy seasons and more intense, longer periods of drought are shrinking natural pastures and reducing the quality of the grass on which alpacas feed. In addition, meltwater from Peru's glaciers, which supports high meadows during the long dry season, is declining rapidly. Peruvian glaciers retreated by 53 percent between 1962 and 2016.
These challenges threaten not only the alpacas, but the loss of high-Andean cultural identity, as alpaquero (alpaca-farmer) communities are forced to move to even greater altitudes, or to abandon their lifestyles entirely and seek work in low-lying cities. Scientists hope to help address the problem using biotechnology to create alpaca breeds more resistant to extremes in temperature. This would help the animals to survive harsh nights at higher altitudes, as well as thrive at lower elevations, since alpacas also suffer in warmer temperatures, from illnesses not present in highland areas.
It's fair to say that the images and the situations depicted are extremely grim. A brief summary of the Year in Review attempts to explain 'What Happened in 2022?' "Photojournalists working in 2022 brought stories of the war in Ukraine and life under Taliban rule in Afghanistan, of use and abuse of river water in Central Asia and the United States, flooding in Australia, oil spillage in Peru, and people with dementia in Ghana. But a tough judging process and the limitations of how to visualise certain stories means that some major stories discussed by the jury did not make it through to the final selection:
Anti-LGBTQI+ Violence - April 2022, Kenya - Sheila Adhiambo Lumumba, a non-binary lesbian, is found raped murdered in Karatina, Kenya. Human rights organisations call attention to institutionalised homophobia in Kenya and other nations across the continent including Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda.
Uvalde School Shooting - May 2022, Uvalde, Texas, United States - On 24 May and 18-year-old gunman kills 19 children and two teachers at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, in the deadliest school shooting in the US in a decade.
Abortion Law Overturned - June 2022, United States - The US Supreme Court overturns Roc v Wade, the legislation that made access to an abortion a federal right in the United States. The move leads to nationwide protests.
Sri Lankan President Resigns - July 2022, Sri Lanka - President Gotabaya Rajapaksa flees the country and resigns, after months of protest against the country's economic crisis had culminated in popular occupation of the presidential palace.
Death of Mahsa Amini - September 2022, Iran - The death of Mahsa Amini after being arrested by Iran's 'morality police' for allegedly not wearing the hijab in accordance with regulations sparked some of the largest demonstrations in Iran in years.
Kanjuruhan Stadium Disaster - October 2022, Jawa Timur, Indonesia - More than 130 football fans die in a crush apparently sparked by police firing tear gas as a crowd-control measure, while leaving the Kanjuruhan Stadium after a match, in one of the world's worst stadium disasters.
'Lula' Wins Brazilian Presidential Elections - October/ November 2022, Brazil - Luiz Lula da Silva wins a majority in the Brazilian presidential elections. Former president Jair Bolsonaro does not initially concede defeat, but President Lula da Silva is inaugurates in January 2023.
Ethiopia and TPLF Declare Truce - November 2022, Ethiopia - Ethiopia's federal government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which controlled much of Tigray province, agree to stop fighting after a two-year conflict that has caused a dire humanitarian crisis.
White Paper Protests - November/ December 2022, China - Protests spread through cities across China, as demonstrators held up blank sheets of paper to oppose on-going government COVID-19 restrictions. In January 2023 China revoked its Zero-COVID policy.
An image from Net-Zero Transition by Simone Tramonte
In the above image (13 July 2021), people swim at Amager Strand, Denmark, near a wind farm which is co-owned by 8,552 electricity consumers, and serves more than 40,000 Copenhagen households. Upwards of 15,000 Danish families are members of similar wind turbine co-operatives.
Winner of the Europe, Long-term projects category, this sequence is a rare positive view of the world around us, which is why I felt the need to include it in this post. The project documents different technologies that offer possible routes of transition to a net-zero economy. The photographer visited innovative facilities across Europe, from Iceland to Italy, from 2020 to 2022.
Human-induced climate change is the largest, most pervasive threat to the natural environment and society that the world has ever experienced, according to the UN Human Rights Office, OHCHR. This prompted the European Union to establish targets to cut greenhouse emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030. European companies seeking ways to achieve these goals are exploring renewable energies, new technologies for food production, and the circular economy as potential ways forward.
Image from the series World Champions by Tomàs Francisco Cuesta
I wanted to finish this on a positive note, which is why I have placed this image last. It is a scene of jubilation as Argentinians revel in their country's return to World Cup dominance, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18 December 2022. An estimated five million people took to the streets to participate in the parade and join the national team members in one of the greatest public demonstrations in Argentina's history. For striker and star player Lionel Messi the win cements his legacy as one of the greatest footballers of all time. Argentinian photographer Tomàs Francisco Cuesta said about taking these photographs,
"You really just feel good looking at those images, and those are ones that may resonate. It's just the beauty of sports. And it's the beauty of imagery, the beauty of pictures. Soccer in Argentina is so much more than a sport. It's more important than Christmas, more important than the New Years. For many people, it's more important than their jobs. That's why you saw five million people crowding the streets of Buenos Aires. It was the first time that I saw such a union in the streets without any discrimination. People were really united to celebrate and to let the players know that they were supporting them."
Subtitled ‘A Call to Arms for Women and Their Bodies’,
this book focuses on how women have been badly treated by the medical
profession in the ‘Western World’ (there are many studies, figures and reports,
all from the UK, the USA, Australia and New Zealand) and suggests that the
times are ripe for revolution. It centres on the fact that medicine was
traditionally a male profession and that the male was considered the default,
so the difference in women was barely acknowledged let alone appreciated. In a
similar line to that taken by Caroline Criado Perez in her book, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a
World Designed for Men, Jackson argues that women are being ignored at best
and killed at worst due to this gender bias in medicine.
In general women live longer than men, but they are in
more pain. They are not taught to know their bodies or talk about their
ailments; they are meant to nurture and support others before themselves. Women
aren’t accustomed to discussing ‘female ailments’ – menstruation, menopause and
sexual pain are still relatively taboo topics. Many women can’t identify their reproductive
organs on a diagram and are certainly not meant to talk about them, as it is
considered shameful. An influential study by Melissa Parker on Australian girls
found that 93% of them experienced some period pain. About 20% experience
severe pain, 24% say their period interferes with four out of nine life
activities, and 26% miss school because of pain. “So a quarter of girls are
missing school because of pain, and nobody thinks it’s a problem?”
When women demand attention, over their health or
issues of equality, they are often labelled as hysterical, and “As an insult,
‘hysterical is still disarmingly effective.” Yet, when men present with the
exact same symptoms, it is called shellshock or PTSD. Traditionally medicine was a male profession, and women
are often not believed about their own health. In the late nineteenth and early
twentieth century, “medicine became an elite profession and took over from
religious institutions as the primary enforcers of the social roles of women.”
Because the default case study for all ailments is
male, “We assume that the ways in which women are different from men must be
the ways in which women are inferior or broken or diseased when in fact it
might be that women are just different.” Symptoms of heart attacks are
different in women and often misdiagnosed. A World Health Organisation report
explains, “It has traditionally been thought of as a man’s disease which has
led to deadly consequences for women – in 2004, 7.4 million women over 60 years
of age died of cardiovascular disease compared with 6.3 million men.” Stress is
a factor in heart disease, but women are often dismissed as suffering from
nothing but anxiety when men who present with the same symptoms are diagnosed
with heart disease.
Before 1993 there was no legal requirement to include women in clinical trials
Many clinical tests only use men in their trials,
which can prove fatal to women. In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration
and the National Institutes of Health mandated the inclusion of women in
clinical trials. Before then, trials were routinely carried out on men only,
including: a twenty-year longitudinal study (began in 1958) to explore whether
taking an aspirin every day could reduce the risk of heart disease (conducted
in 22,071 men and no women); a 1982 trial looking at whether dietary change and
exercise could help prevent heart disease (conducted in 13,000 men and no
women), and even a trial in the 1960s to investigate whether supplementation
with oestrogen was an effective preventive treatment for heart disease
(conducted in 8341 men, and no women).
Women generally experience more chronic pain than men –
they suffer pains that cannot be seen, so they are often discounted, and pelvic
pain is “also beset by stigmas and taboos that make it difficult for women to
talk about their sex organs or anything related to them.” When women are believed about experiencing pain,
they are often thought to be exaggerating. “Even female doctors, after training
and working in the heavily masculinised medical culture, can view this language
as confronting and histrionic.”
Women suffer more chronic pain than men
There are several overlapping pain conditions and women
who suffer from one are likely to also suffer from others. These include endometriosis;
vulvodynia; fibromyalgia; chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis;
interstitial cystitis/ painful bladder syndrome; temporomandibular joint
disorders; irritable bowel syndrome; chronic tension-type headache; chronic
migraine and chronic low back pain. “Chronic pain conditions aren’t conditions
that kill us but they radically alter our opportunities to reach our full
potential in life… Pain doesn’t actually kill people – it keeps women in the
home and out of work, which has no effect upon the power structures of society,
providing no incentive for action.”
Doctors don’t really want to see patients who are
difficult to diagnose and harder to fix as it looks bad for their figures and
solved statistics: they even call them ‘heart-sink patients’. Women are aware
of this stigma, and when they are told they have medically unexplained
symptoms, anxiety, depression or are disbelieved, they can move from doctor to
doctor in order to find a diagnosis or treatment relief. “In an exasperating
development, ‘doctor-shopping’ has come to be seen as an indicator that pain is
made up, rather than a result of pain doctors won’t believe.”
Women’s pain is not treated as seriously as men’s
pain, and Jackson suggests that women should not simply accept this, but educate
themselves about their bodies and demand that they be treated with equal
funding and respect. It would be a brave and/or stupid person who would argue
with that.
Set in Brisbane
in 1985, this novel focuses on a boy, Eli Bell, and his terrible life. His
father is absent; his drug-addicted mother is in gaol; his brother, August,
doesn’t speak but writes words in the air with his finger, predicting things he
couldn’t possibly know and that don’t make any sense; his stepfather is a
dealer; and he’s surrounded by violent criminals. It is reminiscent of Bridge of Clay in style, where a
young boy narrates but with a much older voice than the teenage kid he is meant
to be.
Eli seems
anxious to show off his disadvantage; he is brought up by drug-dealing thugs
and potential killers, and told many prison stories. At one point his mother’s
boyfriend drags her by the hair down to the dog kennel and forces her to eat
their food from the dog bowl; at another he has his index finger chopped off
with a cleaver. Referring constantly to the seedy underside of life and proudly
intent on exposing the dark side of the country,, his unrelentingly grim
descriptions sound like a kid trying to be hard-boiled, thinking he’s Holden
Caulfield and hiding behind a tough exterior.
The style
constantly gets in the way of the story, to the point that it is tedious to
follow. Dalton writes in the present tense, in frequently overblown prose, with
short snatches of description that aren’t actually sentences. “This room of
true love. This room of blood. Sky-blue fibro walls.” The many full stops do
not create emphasis, but merely sound like empty aphorisms; one could try to
work out whether they mean anything, but mainly they just sound like an advert
for carpet. Many of the references are to male narratives he probably wouldn’t
have read: Ken Kesey; Henry Miller; Papillon
by Henri Charriere; Steinbeck’s The
Grapes of Wrath; Patrick White; Hermann Hesse; John Le Carré; Joseph Conrad;
Hemingway and Herman Melville.
There are also
allusions to The Wizard of Oz and The Jungle Book, and a scene in which
Eli escapes from hospital by getting another child patient to create a
diversion, which is his take on the escape from One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Eli’s mute brother, August, writes
words in the air: Your end is a small blue wren; Caitlin Spies. These all,
obviously, turn out to be prophetic. Eli ruminates, “Maybe we’d all be much
more effective communicators if we all shut up more.” Ooh, deep!
Eli writes to
Slim’s friends in prison, and Slim (his babysitter and a previous criminal who
served time) advises him to put details into the letters: “The boys appreciate
all that detailed daily life shit they don’t get any more.” Eli hones his
observation skills because this builds up knowledge, which leads to power. It
is, also, however, monotonous and smacks of product placement. The number of
times he mentions the brand of his shoes and tracksuits; he could be sponsored
by Dunlop and Adidas.
He thinks of his
mother as a saint or an angel, but she’s a dealer and a junkie who winds up in
gaol. There is a sentimental view of mothers which is familiar from stock
criminal narratives. His father (Robert), Slim (Arthur) and Lyle are men who
teach Eli wisdom whereas women don’t teach him anything; they are mothers, nurses,
and love interests. He is well aware of the toxic masculinity that surrounds him
and believes that “every problem in the world, every crime ever committed, can
be traced back to someone’s dad... Mums maybe too, I guess, but there ain’t no
shit mum in this world that wasn’t first the daughter of a shit dad.”
All of the
chapters are introduced with three-word headings such as Boy Writes Words, Boy
Receives Letter, Boy Meets Girl, Boy Seeks Help, Boy Parts Sea, Boy Steals
Ocean, Boy Conquers Moon. The reason for this becomes apparent later when a
newspaper editor asks Eli to describe his story in three words: Boy Swallows
Universe.
The novel
certainly contains a lot of detail, is grimly pessimistic and, although Dalton
claims it is a love story, it is more of a tirade. He may claim that love and
family is the answer rather than drug addiction, but he has a good wallow in poverty
porn before he reaches that conclusion.
Him Outdoors checking specific gravity - or something...
Earlier this week, I discovered this word in relation to wine and beer. Imagine my surprise to discover that a refractometer has multiple applications. It is used for measuring the index refraction, which describes how light (or other waves) travels through a medium, such as air, glass, or water (and sometimes appears to 'bend'). There is a very specific scientific formula to work this out, known as Snell's Law, or you can just use a handy device that was prepared earlier. Honestly, it's not as dull as that sounds, because look what it can do (hopefully not the same one doing all of it)! 5 Applications of a Refractometer
When making wine or beer, it helps to determine the amount of sugar which will be converted to alcohol.
Gemstones can be authenticated by how much light passes through them, as measured by this handy device.
A refractometer is used in drug testing of urine samples.
In marine aquariums, the saline content of the water can be determined by using a refractometer.
Optometrists use them to determine visual acuity and correct vision.
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