World Press Photo Contest

On a recent trip to Sydney, we went to the World Press Photo Exhibition 2023 at the State Library of New South Wales. The annual exhibition presents the results of the 2023 World Press Photo Contest - the best and most important photojournalism and documentary photography of the last year. The winners were chosen by an independent jury that reviewed more than 60,448 photographs entered by 3,752 photographers.

 

We all know that bad news sells - few people want to read good news stories - and so it is with the photos in this exhibition. There are harrowing images of war, floods, drought, poverty, incarceration, and ecological disasters, leading to a warning such as the one above, and the one below: the photo of the year.

Mariupol Maternity Hospital Airstrike by Evgeniy Malolekta

Iryna Kalinina (32), an injured pregnant woman, is carried from a maternity hospital that was damaged during a Russian airstrike in Mariupol, Ukraine, on 9 March 2022. Her baby, named Miron (after the word for 'peace') was stillborn, and half an hour later Iryna died as well. An OSCE report concluded the hospital was deliberately targeted by Russia, resulting in three deaths and some 17 injuries. The jury felt the photo depicted an attack on the future of Ukraine. Evgeniy Maloletka photographed the image on assignment for Associated Press.

The port of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov was the first city struck when Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. Civilians were hit hard. 

The strategically important port is one of the largest Russian-0speaking cities in Ukraine, a major industrial hub, and vital for the country's steel exports. The territory was also of symbolic value to invading forces as it represented a large step towards building a land bridge between the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DNR) and Crimea, which Russia had illegally annexed in 2014.

Images from The Siege of Mariupol by Evgeniy Maloletka

Top: 06 March 2022 - Zhanna Goma (right) and her neighbours settle in a bomb shelter in Mariupol, Ukraine.

Middle left: 11 March 2022 - Serhiy Kralya, a civilian injured during shelling by Russian forces, rests after surgery at a hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine.

Middle right: 11 March 2022 - Russian army tanks move through a street on the outskirts of Mariupol. The Z marking is one of several symbols painted on Russian military vehicles in the early stages of the invasion. 

Bottom left: 04 March 2022 - Marina Yatsko and her boyfriend Olesksandr Kulahin bring her 18-moth son Kirill, fatally wounded during shelling, to a hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine.

Bottom right: 09 March 2022 - People place dead bodies in a mass grave in an old cemetery in Mariupol. According to the BBC, on some days during periods of heavy Russian shelling, up to 150 people a day were buried in mass graves. 

By early March, Russian forces had completely surrounded the city, restricting water, power and food supplies. Some 200,000 citizens were trapped in Mariupol, as attempts to evacuate them failed. Russian bombardment devastated the city, and included civilian targets such as a maternity hospital and a theatre where people were sheltering. Evgeniy Maloletka, who is Ukrainian, was one of very few photographers documenting events in Mariupol at that time. 

Image from The Siege of Mariupol by Evgeniy Malolekta

On 21 April, President Vladimir Putin announced that Russian forces had taken Mariupol, but the city council said that 1,000 civilians alongside thousands of Ukrainian soldiers were holding out in the giant Azovstal steelworks. By 20 May, the soldiers defending the steelworks had surrendered, and the UN and Red Cross were able to evacuate the citizens. The UN Human Rights Office confirmed 1,348 civilian deaths during the siege of Mariupol, stating that the actual death toll was likely thousands higher: Ukraine says that figure is more than 25,000.

At the time of this exhibition in April 2023, Mariupol remained under Russian occupation. Russia has begun rebuilding the city and scrubbing it of its Ukrainian identity by renaming streets and changing school curriculums. 

The exhibition includes a short history of World Press Photo: since 1955, World Press Photo has connected the world to the stories that matter. The non-profit organisation remains committed to press freedom and the power of visual journalism by providing platforms that present accurate, diverse, and trustworthy images. 

• 1955 - A group of Dutch photographers organizes the first World Press Photo contest to introduce their work to a global audience
• 1967 -Although black-and-white pictures still dominate the submissions, and chromogenic printing remains expensive, the jury awards World Press Photo of the Year to a colour photograph for the first time 
• 1972 - The annual exhibition featuring current winners of the World Press Photo contest begins to tour outside the Netherlands. Since then, the exhibition has travelled to 129 countries
• 1977 - Francoise Demulder becomes the first woman whose work is awarded World Press Photo of the Year
• 1990 Charlie Cole's photograph of a demonstrator in front of tanks in Tiananmen Square becomes a symbol of peaceful resistance. To this day, this picture remains banned in China

Tank Man, Tiananmen Square by Charlie Cole

• 2002 - Fourteen years after creation of the JPEG, digital entries surpass analogue entries for the first time in the history of the contest
• 2019 - John Moore's photograph of a child from Honduras at the US border, which wins World Press Photo of the Year, leads to the repeal of the 'Zero Tolerance' policy that permitted separating immigrant parents from their children when apprehended
• 2021- To better represent a plurality of perspectives and global voices, World Press Photo introduces a new regional strategy, changing the set-up of the annual contest, the categories, and the judging

2022 World Press Photo of the Year by Amber Bracken

• 2022 - With her photograph of a roadside memorial commemorating the deaths of indigenous children who attended the Kamloops Indian Residential School in Canada, Amber Bracken becomes the first person to win World Press Photo of the Year without depicting a human figure

Woman, Life, Freedom

This photo-based video project narrates one chaotic night in the life of an Iranian nurse as she saves the life of a young protestor called Reza. The footage offers a rare glimpse into the dangers faced by protestors on the streets of Iran today, situated in the context of an inciting incident: on 16 September 2022, Mahsa 'Jina' Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, died after she was arrested by the Islamic Republic's morality police for allegedly violation the country's strict rules restricting the dress and conduct of women. The ensuing protests quickly intensified, spreading across the country. The Islamic Republic responded by disrupting internet access and violently repressing uprisings. Because hospitals are controlled by the regime, anyone injured in the protests risks arrest and further abuse upon seeking medical attention. 

Iranian photographer Hossein Fatemi encountered the nurse in the video while providing support to local Iranian photographers covering the protests. Images and video for this project were captured by local photojournalists, the nurse herself, and a photographer on assignment to cover her story. Journalists and photographers attempting to report on the protests face reprisals from the Iranian regime, ranging from intimidation to arrest and violent abuse. Due to these efforts, it is difficult to know what is really happening inside the country. Many of the photographers who captured the images seen here will remain anonymous for security reasons. 

Images from The Price of Peace in Afghanistan by Mads Nissen

These two images are from a collection that won World Press Photo Story of the Year, which captures the daily life of people living across Afghanistan in 2022. The top image shows Khalil Ahmad (15), whose parents, unable to afford food for the family, decided to sell his kidney for US$3,500. After the operation, Khalil suffers chronic pain and no longer has the strength for football and cricket. The lack of jobs and the threat of starvation has led to a dramatic increase in the illegal organ trade. 

The bottom image shows women and children begging for bread outside a bakery in central Kabul, Afghanistan. Bread is a staple in Afghanistan, but soaring prices have forced more and more people to rely entirely on the compassion of others. 

In August 2021, the withdrawal of US and allied forces from Afghanistan marked the end of a 20-year long attempt at nation-building. Taliban forces, having sustained an insurgency across the country, returned to power shortly after the collapse of the Afghan state. Consequently, all international aid, which in 2019 accounted for an estimated 80 percent of the country's expenditures, was halted, and 7 to 9 billion dollars of assets belonging to the Afghan state were frozen. Without these two sources of government income, the already fragile Afghan economy effectively collapsed.

National gross domestic product of Afghanistan dropped to around 25 percent of its peak in early 2021. Estimates for 2022 suggest that 97 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and 95 percent of people do not have enough to eat. Nine million people are at risk of famine and, according to the UN, over a million children are severely malnourished. COVID-19, intense droughts, and the inability of aid organisations to bring relief to those in need have all exacerbated the crisis, which is only expected to worsen in 2023.

The Nomad's Final Journey by Jonathan Fontaine 

This highly-commended image shows Samira (16) looking out onto Qolodo camp near Gode in the Somali Region, Ethiopia, on 16 May 2022. Her family owned 45 goats and 10 camels, all of which died during recent droughts.

Nomadic peoples of Ethiopia and Somalia depend on their livestock, migrating across their territory to pasture their animals. In recent years water scarcity has threatened these livestock. Exacerbated by the climate crisis, droughts have devastated the region which, according to the World Food Program, now endanger the food security of over 26 million people. With many families forced to seek aid in climate refugee camps, social structures are weakening, precipitating violence against women and a host of mental health crises.

As droughts persist annually, women, who are often responsible for finding water, bear an enormous share of the physical and mental toll exacted by the ongoing crisis. 

The text in the image above reads: This map, generated by RSF (Reporters Sans Frontiers) represents the current state of press freedom in 180 countries and territories. To arrive at the results compiled and visualised here RSF conducted extensive research during the past calendar year. In addition to distributing questionnaires among journalists, RSF also employed a panel of experts who ranked press freedom around the world according to five equally-weighted criteria: political context, legal framework, economic context, sociocultural context and safety. Their rankings are coded by colour, with the highest level of press freedom classified as 'good situation'. As you can see, that's pretty much Scandinavia. And that's it. 

Part of Me by Nadia Shira Cohen

Surrogate mothers Vin Win (right) and Ry Ly (left) were arrested during a raid to fight trafficking in 2018. They live near one another and their children from surrogacy, Korng (3, left) and Phavit (4, right) often play together. Vin Win is separated from her husband who resents the situation.

This series portrays Cambodian surrogate mothers who have been required to raise their surrogate children as their own ever since Cambodia began prosecuting surrogacy in 2016. 

Surrogacy - the act of carrying and birthing a baby for another person or couple - was accepted in practice in Cambodia until 2016, when the government started prosecuting surrogate mothers under already existing human trafficking laws. In 2018, a raid on a house in Phnom Penh led to the arrest and imprisonment of 32 women who were acting as surrogates to predominantly Chinese parents. Nearly all gave birth in confinement and, after sentencing by the Cambodian Supreme Court, all were obliged to raise the babies themselves or face prison terms. 

Many of the women sought surrogacy arrangements with Chinese family planning agencies in order to help their families escape impoverishment and, in some instances, indebtedness from microfinance loans. In recent years, Cambodian households have become some of the most indebted on Earth and a major contributing factor has been the poorly regulated microfinancing sector. The rising burden of financial debt has resulted in an increase in child labour and families forced to sell their homes and land. For many of the women portrayed in this series, surrogacy represented a way out of debt, but now with the court ruling against them, their lives have become more difficult. Despite financial, social, and personal challenges, many of the would-be surrogate mothers have formed a deep bond with their children even as they express sadness that their children will not be able to benefit from the economic advantages that their biological parents could provide. 

Death of a Nation by Kimberly dela Cruz

Winner of the long-term projects in the Southeast Asia and Oceania category, this project documents the Philippines' drugs offensive from its outset, capturing its broadening focus and the continued impact on families involved. The above photograph shows Jazmine Durana (15) cradling her month-old daughter Hazel on 2 February 2017, at the wake of her partner John 'Toto' Dela Cruz (16), who was shot by men wearing black masks a few days earlier.

Soon after taking office in June 2016, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte began a concerted 'war on drugs', repeatedly ordering attacks against suspects. A surge of extrajudicial killings followed, perpetrated not only by police but also by masked vigilantes and other civilians. Amnesty International reports that executions mostly target low-income communities. The Philippine National Police admits to more than 6,000 such deaths to date; local human rights organisations put the figure at 30,000. The police appear to act with impunity, with only a handful of these killings being seriously investigated and almost no prosecutions. 

Images from Death of a Nation

Top left: November 01, 2016 - Neighbours survey the crime scene hours after masked men massacred Manuel Evangelista, Admar Velarde, Paulo Tuboro, Jennifer Discargar, and Catalino Algueles, in Mandaluyong, the Philippines.

Top Right: 04 January 2017 - AJ (16) mourns at the scene where unidentified assailants have shot his neighbour Antonio Perez outside his home in Pasay City, the Philippines.

Bottom left: March 04, 2017 - the body of Kristita Padual lies at the crime scene, after unidentified murderers killed her and Ernesto Moritz while they were having dinner beside the road, in Quezon City, the Philippines.

Bottom right: December 09, 2016 - Men shield their faces from the media after being arrested in a food factory that the police claimed to be a drug den, in Pandacan, Manila, the Philippines.

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Philippines has a low prevalence of drug use compared to the global average. Human rights organisations such as the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) and Amnesty International say killings often target political opponents, activists or marginalised groups. A Human Rights Watch report found that many of the killings that police attributed to drug gangs to be a veneer to shield themselves from culpability for executions carried out without legal process - an accusation the police refute, claiming self-defense.

Images from Death of a Nation

Top left: 08 September 2019 - Nestor and Alma watch the evening news, in Quezon City, the Philippines. Exactly three years earlier, their son Richard was killed during a police operation - an event that was reported on the news at the time.

Top right: 21 February 2022 - The family of Rovelyn and Richard Cham receive the urns containing their ashes in Tayuman, Manila, the Philippines. Unknown gunmen killed the couple at home in 2016.

Bottom left: 22 November 2019 - Mothers and widows of war-on-drugs victims rehearse for a theatre performance in Tondo, Manilla, the Philippines. Sarah Celiz (centre) lost two of her sons in 2016 and 2017 and was left to care for her 12 grandchildren. The performance was organised by Paghilom (Healing), a program started in 2016 by former drug user Father Flaviano Villanueva for the families of victims of the war on drugs, providing them with support and counseling.

Bottom right: 14 February 2022 - Mary Anne Domingo stands outside a courthouse after giving testimony, in Caloocan, the Philippines. She brought a case against the police after her husband and son were killed in a raid in 2016. The trial commenced in 2021.

In 2020, Fatou Bensouda, then the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, said there was a 'reasonable basis to believe' that crimes against humanity had been committed in the Philippines in connection with President Duterte's drugs offensive. In July 2022, Duterte's successor President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. announced a refocus of the anti-drug offensive onto rehabilitation, however, killings continue and reforms have not yet been made to rehabilitation programs, according to Human Rights Watch. 

The photographer has been documenting the war on drugs since its outset, and the jury commended her ability to capture the continued impact on families involved. 

The Dying River by Jonas Kako (winner of the North and Central America, Singles category)

Alfredo, Ubaldo, and Jose tend beehives near Wenden in the Arizona desert, United States. A substantial decrease in rainfall in the area means that the men must now provide water for the bees in troughs. Heat and drought weakens bees, making them more susceptible to pathogens and parasites, and impacts the pants from which they feed. Between 2019 and 2020, colonies of managed honey-bees declined by 43.7% across the US. Bees are vital for pollinating many crops, and so play an important role in food security for humans. 

This image is part of a broader project on how the climate crisis and increasing water demand are affecting the Colorado River, which flows nearby. Annual flow in the Colorado River has shrunk 20 percent in the past 30 years, according to a river program manager. The Colorado relies on snow melt from the Rocky Mountains and precipitation in upstream forests that collects in lakes and natural reservoirs. Drought and global heating have accelerated evaporation from reservoirs, and melted snowpack faster, so that rivers run dry earlier in the season. Hot, dry conditions have also parched the soil, which soaks up precipitation before it even reaches the river.  

Water diverted for agriculture accounts for up to 80 percent of consumption in the Colorado River Basin, and a series of dams along the course of the river - providing drinking water to more than 40 million people and hydroelectric power to meet the needs of some seven million - further shrinks the flow.

In late 2022, the US government implemented severe restrictions on river-water use in states along the course of the Colorado River, cutting Arizona's annual allocation by 21 percent.

Jury comment: This portrait of beekeepers is visually clean and sparks interest and curiosity to understand the issue at hand. The image is subtle and understated, and the jury was impressed by the composition of bees across all thirds. While the topic resonates at ag global level, the image itself encourages us to sit with these particular people and consider how they might be impacted by the ongoing environmental crisis.

Oil Spill in Lima by Musuk Nolte

On 15 January, nearly 12,000 barrels of crude oil spilled into the sea while a tanker was unloading at Repsol's La Pampilla refinery. Repsol, the Peruvian government, and the Italian tanker company each disputed the cause of the spillage, trading accusations of negligence, inadequacy of equipment, and mismanagement. 

The spill extended over 7.13 square kilometres, polluting beaches, killing wildlife, and impacting livelihoods in what the Peruvian government termed the country's worst ecological disaster in recent memory. 

The oil reached three marine protected areas: Lomas de Ancon, the Pescadores Islets, and Punta Salina. The plankton-rich Peruvian Pacific waters sustain a chain of marine life, from anchovies to dolphins and seabirds. Marine mammals and birds are especially vulnerable, as the oil affects their eyes, nasal tissue and their insulating capacity, potentially leading to suffocation and hypothermia. Commercial fisheries, people relying on tourism, and local communities dependent on seafood for their diets also suffered. UN experts believe the effects of the spill will last up to ten years.

 

Alpaqueros by Alessandro Cinque

Vital to the livelihoods of many people in the Peruvian Andes, alpacas face new challenges due to the climate crisis. Part of the camelid family, alpacas can endure the high altitudes of the Andes and are a critical source of income for farmers in an environment where few or no crops can be cultivated. They are primarily bred for their fine fibre (wool) which is highly prized for knitwear and woven cloth. Tens of thousands of Andean families depend on raising alpacas or dealing in their fibre for subsistence. Among local Indigenous communities such as the Quechia, alpacas are also embedded in cultural and ritual life.

The climate crisis is putting alpacas and the communities they sustain at risk. Shorter rainy seasons and more intense, longer periods of drought are shrinking natural pastures and reducing the quality of the grass on which alpacas feed. In addition, meltwater from Peru's glaciers, which supports high meadows during the long dry season, is declining rapidly. Peruvian glaciers retreated by 53 percent between 1962 and 2016. 

These challenges threaten not only the alpacas, but the loss of high-Andean cultural identity, as alpaquero (alpaca-farmer) communities are forced to move to even greater altitudes, or to abandon their lifestyles entirely and seek work in low-lying cities. Scientists hope to help address the problem using biotechnology to create alpaca breeds more resistant to extremes in temperature. This would help the animals to survive harsh nights at higher altitudes, as well as thrive at lower elevations, since alpacas also suffer in warmer temperatures, from illnesses not present in highland areas.

It's fair to say that the images and the situations depicted are extremely grim. A brief summary of the Year in Review attempts to explain 'What Happened in 2022?' "Photojournalists working in 2022 brought stories of the war in Ukraine and life under Taliban rule in Afghanistan, of use and abuse of river water in Central Asia and the United States, flooding in Australia, oil spillage in Peru, and people with dementia in Ghana. But a tough judging process and the limitations of how to visualise certain stories means that some major stories discussed by the jury did not make it through to the final selection:

1. Anti-LGBTQI+ Violence - April 2022, Kenya - Sheila Adhiambo Lumumba, a non-binary lesbian, is found raped murdered in Karatina, Kenya. Human rights organisations call attention to institutionalised homophobia in Kenya and other nations across the continent including Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda.
2. Uvalde School Shooting - May 2022, Uvalde, Texas, United States - On 24 May and 18-year-old gunman kills 19 children and two teachers at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, in the deadliest school shooting in the US in a decade. 
3. Abortion Law Overturned - June 2022, United States - The US Supreme Court overturns Roc v Wade, the legislation that made access to an abortion a federal right in the United States. The move leads to nationwide protests.
4. Sri Lankan President Resigns - July 2022, Sri Lanka - President Gotabaya Rajapaksa flees the country and resigns, after months of protest against the country's economic crisis had culminated in popular occupation of the presidential palace.
5. Death of Mahsa Amini - September 2022, Iran - The death of Mahsa Amini after being arrested by Iran's 'morality police' for allegedly not wearing the hijab in accordance with regulations sparked some of the largest demonstrations in Iran in years.
6. Kanjuruhan Stadium Disaster - October 2022, Jawa Timur, Indonesia - More than 130 football fans die in a crush apparently sparked by police firing tear gas as a crowd-control measure, while leaving the Kanjuruhan Stadium after a match, in one of the world's worst stadium disasters. 
7. 'Lula' Wins Brazilian Presidential Elections - October/ November 2022, Brazil - Luiz Lula da Silva wins a majority in the Brazilian presidential elections. Former president Jair Bolsonaro does not initially concede defeat, but President Lula da Silva is inaugurates in January 2023.
8. Ethiopia and TPLF Declare Truce - November 2022, Ethiopia - Ethiopia's federal government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which controlled much of Tigray province, agree to stop fighting after a two-year conflict that has caused a dire humanitarian crisis.
9. White Paper Protests - November/ December 2022, China - Protests spread through cities across China, as demonstrators held up blank sheets of paper to oppose on-going government COVID-19 restrictions. In January 2023 China revoked its Zero-COVID policy. 

An image from Net-Zero Transition by Simone Tramonte

In the above image (13 July 2021), people swim at Amager Strand, Denmark, near a wind farm which is co-owned by 8,552 electricity consumers, and serves more than 40,000 Copenhagen households. Upwards of 15,000 Danish families are members of similar wind turbine co-operatives. 

Winner of the Europe, Long-term projects category, this sequence is a rare positive view of the world around us, which is why I felt the need to include it in this post. The project documents different technologies that offer possible routes of transition to a net-zero economy. The photographer visited innovative facilities across Europe, from Iceland to Italy, from 2020 to 2022. 

Human-induced climate change is the largest, most pervasive threat to the natural environment and society that the world has ever experienced, according to the UN Human Rights Office, OHCHR. This prompted the European Union to establish targets to cut greenhouse emissions by at least 55 percent by 2030. European companies seeking ways to achieve these goals are exploring renewable energies, new technologies for food production, and the circular economy as potential ways forward. 

Image from the series World Champions by Tomàs Francisco Cuesta

I wanted to finish this on a positive note, which is why I have placed this image last. It is a scene of jubilation as Argentinians revel in their country's return to World Cup dominance, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 18 December 2022. An estimated five million people took to the streets to participate in the parade and join the national team members in one of the greatest public demonstrations in Argentina's history. For striker and star player Lionel Messi the win cements his legacy as one of the greatest footballers of all time.  Argentinian photographer Tomàs Francisco Cuesta said about taking these photographs,

"You really just feel good looking at those images, and those are ones that may resonate. It's just the beauty of sports. And it's the beauty of imagery, the beauty of pictures. Soccer in Argentina is so much more than a sport. It's more important than Christmas, more important than the New Years. For many people, it's more important than their jobs. That's why you saw five million people crowding the streets of Buenos Aires. It was the first time that I saw such a union in the streets without any discrimination. People were really united to celebrate and to let the players know that they were supporting them."

Necessary Sacrifice? Disaster Before D-Day

Disaster Before D-Day: Unravelling the Tragedy at Slapton Sands by Stephen Wynn

Pen and Sword Books

Pp. 131

On the 27^th and 28^th April, 1944 a training incident at Slapton Sands, Lyme Bay, Devon, named Operation Tiger, was undertaken as a practice for the D-Day Landings. The site was chosen because of its topographical similarity to Utah Beach in Normandy. Due to friendly fire, miscommunications, ill-fitting life jackets, and undetected German E-boats, the exercise resulted in the tragic loss of 749 United States Army servicemen and 198 United States Navy personnel. Naturally there was secrecy at the time, as the training had to be kept hidden from the Germans or it would spoil the surprise of the D-Day landings, but it is still not a well-known incident.

The logistics for this exercise were considerable. If Slapton Sands were to be used for this exercise, the nearby village and surrounding area had to be evacuated, which meant “3,000 people from about 750 homes, farms, shops and pubs that made up the villages in the prescribed area, all had to be moved out.” One of the problems was overcrowding: where were they going to put everybody? Plymouth, Weymouth, Exeter and Torquay had been heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe; children and entire families had been evacuated to the countryside because it was considered safer; “by the beginning of 1944 there were tens of thousands of American soldiers dotted around the south-west of England involved in training exercises.”

“During the original planning of the exercise nobody had foreseen that Royal Navy might need to get in touch with the US Navy, so it was a situation that had never been addressed. They were operating on two different radio frequencies.” Consequently when the commanding officer delayed the timing of the exercise by an hour, this was not communicated to those involved in shelling the beach with live ammunition and the ground forces firing live rounds over the incoming troops – General Eisenhower believed that live ammunition was as an important factor set to harden the troops to the harsh reality of a naval bombardment. Originally these incidents had been planned an hour apart, but they ended up taking place simultaneously.

Two Royal Navy vessels should have been protecting the convoy of seven American landing craft, but one of them had been accidentally rammed the day before and was being repaired. Once again, this was not communicated between navies and so the convoy only had one escort, and the German E-boats were able to nip in unimpeded and fire torpedoes upon it: the LST-507 caught fire and was then abandoned (with 71 deaths); the LST-531 sank after suffering torpedo strikes (with the loss of 114 lives); the LST-289 was set on fire but managed to reach the shore; and the LST-511 was damaged by friendly fire in the resulting chaos and confusion. Many other servicemen drowned, waiting to be rescued. “It is believed a number of men died during Exercise Tiger because they were wearing their lifebelts incorrectly; some were also faulty. In fact, most of the casualties that died off Slapton Sands on 28 April 1944 did so from either hypothermia or drowning.”

One of the big remaining questions is whether the entire incident was deliberately covered up, and Wynn has tried to find answers. He explains that in 1954 the Americans officially confirmed the deaths from the E-boat attacks and there are personnel lists available of those killed in the incident. “But I have not seen a similar admission in relation to the friendly fire incident that took place on 27 April 1944, nor have I ever seen a list of those who died or how many there were.” This may begin to stray dangerously into conspiracy theory territory, but he tries to lay out the facts as he sees them.

While these ideas may be far-fetched, he talked to many “ordinary people” while researching his book and heard similar stories from Americans and British alike. He questions how there can be so many people who remember the events of 27 April 1944 if they never took place, as stated in repeated denials by official bodies.

Wynn approaches this episode from a military viewpoint with great respect and logical considerations but without hyperbole or excess emotion. He lists the name and ranking of all the men killed and missing, creating a sombre picture of death and warfare. There were many unfortunate deaths in the training exercises that were meant to prepare troops for the D-Day landings (Normandy invasion – Operation Overlord) of 1 May 1944, but, Wynn argues, these preparations doubtless also saved countless lives and brought the war to a close earlier than otherwise. He concludes “that the sacrifices made during that time, whether by the hundreds of young men who lost their lives during the training exercises, or the hundreds of people and families who left their homes so that American soldiers could train there, was worth it. If these sacrifices hadn’t been made, and lessons hadn’t been learnt, then the world might have had a totally different look to it today.”

Friday Five: Everybody Wants to Rule the World

As part of the highly informative kings and queens of Scotland at Stirling Castle exhibition, there was a section entitled: Dos and Don'ts of Kingship. This was a straightforward checklist for any would-be ruler, which I thought I would share with you here.

5 Dos and Don'ts of Kingship:

1. Assert Your Authority: As the kingdom became more stable, kings assumed greater power and responsibility. Do confront nobles who have grown too powerful - James II was only six when he inherited the crown. He was a pawn in the hands of the Livingston and Douglas families, who used their control of him to gain power and land. At 18 the king took personal control of his kingdom, swept the Livingston's from power, and had the leading members of the family executed. But don't go too far... At Stirling Castle in 1452 James II, then 21, lashed out and murdered the Eighth Earl of Douglas when he refused to bow to his demands. Such a ruthless, unlawful elimination of his rival was very risky and caused general outcry. But James did some swift damage control. He showered traditional Douglas supporters with land grants and so neutralised the threat of a serious invasion.
2. Build a Power-Base: To ensure support, kings had to involve their nobles in government and reward their loyal service with lands and wealth. Do encourage loyalty through good management - James IV exercised an inclusive style of government, giving the appearance of taking advice from a wide circle of advisors. He was a dynamic ruler, whose attractive personality allowed him to build close personal ties with his nobles. Although James IV held relatively few parliaments during his reign, the nobility had access to him which they believed gave them influence in policy-making. Don't alienate your most powerful nobles. James II was seen as remote and disengaged. He isolated many of the greater nobles, the king's traditional advisors. Instead, his inner circle consisted of a few lower-born favourites. The nobles were rarely consulted by the king, whose pro-English policies were particularly unpopular. Discontent grew. Eventually the nobles launched a rebellion which ended with James's death after the Battle of Sauchieburn in 1488.
3. Wage War: Kings need to be commanding military leaders, in whose service fame, fortune and honour could be won. Do set an example for your followers - Robert the Bruce has the reputation for being Scotland's most successful warrior king. He was the military role-model of medieval kingship and fought, against the odds, for Scotland's freedom. His most famous victory was won at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Don't flee the field before the battle begins. In 1436 James I led a major - and very expensive - expedition to recapture Roxbugh Castle from English control. What should have been a demonstration of military superiority turned into a fiasco. James abandoned the siege before it began. He left behind his expensive artillery - the visible status symbols of a warrior king. James's failure was seen as poor kingship and was a catalyst for his assassination in Perth the following year.
4. Secure the Dynasty: Royal marriage was a powerful tool used to build alliances and seal agreements. It was also essential for the provision of a legitimate heir. Do make a prestigious marriage - As their dynasty became more secure, the Stewart kings began to look to other European courts for their brides. They made some impressive diplomatic alliances, bringing wealth in the form of the bride's dowry. When James III married Margaret of Denmark in 1469 her dowry ultimately comprised the highly desirable Orkney and Shetland islands. Don't fail to produce an heir. David II, son of Robert the Bruce died childless in 1371 despite two marriages. He never gave up hope of producing an heir, and attempted to divorce his second wife, Margaret Logie, to marry his mistress, Agnes Dunbar. But Margaret successfully appealed to the Pope to obstruct the divorce. Agnes was still queen-in-waiting, living at Stirling Castle, when David died. The king's infertility ended the Bruce dynasty and the crown passed to David's nephew, Robert II, the first Stewart king. 
5. Stage a Spectacle: A successful king knew how to make an impression by ensuring he had a physical presence in the realm, while publicly displaying his wealth and status at every opportunity. Do host elaborate events at the royal court, such as pageants and tournaments - In 1449 James II hosted an international tournament at Stirling Castle. Knights o horseback hoped to unseat their opponent and gain fame for their deeds. This sporting event provided welcome entertainment for the nobility and gave James a chance to parade his importance in front of his influential guests. Don't neglect your public image... James III seems to have avoided chivalric sports and public entertainments. There is no evidence of a tournament being held in Scotland at any point during his reign. Instead he horded his wealth. This failure to provide crowd-pleasing spectacles for the court was part of the reason for the eventual rebellion against him.

Arthur Boyd: An Active Witness

Arthur Boyd: An Active Witness
The Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
May - December, 2013

Arthur Boyd's art is generally considered political, although he never joined a political society or followed organised party politics. He was horrified by the effect of wartime conditions on society and the dark side of human behaviour. His style is inspired by Pieter Brueghel, Pablo Picasso, and Rembrandt van Rijn.

Cripple in smoke from factory chimney

The ink on paper drawing of Cripple in smoke from factory chimney (1942) displays the influence of Picasso's violent images with ugly features and sharp connotations of horror. This may suggest a portent of the Nazi death camps. He frequently focussed on people on crutches or in wheelchairs with dogs or other dumb animals as witnesses, metamorphosing human and animal figures. The futility and violence of war was a recurring theme, as was savagery of nature and the beauty to be found in vulnerability.

South Melbourne

South Melbourne (1944) also features cripples, crutches and wheelchairs with dogs bearing witness, but this time the violence has escalated. The abandoned church in the background may represent structured society while the heads on sticks call to mind the angry mob in Lord of the Flies as they bear aloft a coffin for a skeleton. 

It is believed that this painting is a response to witnessing urban life during the war years, and the irrational behaviour from soldiers on South Melbourne Beach. Critics suggest there is a positive aspect, however, in the growth of life, which appears to be emerging from the feet in a poetic cyclical return.

The Kite

The primitive figures of The Kite (1943) seem to be enacting some sort of scapegoat sacrifice as the man who forms the kite itself looks down upon their sins, with extrapolated associations of greed, religiousness and bestiality. 

“I’d like to feel that through my work there is a possibility of making a contribution to a social progression or enlightenment. It would be nice if the creative effort or impulse was connected with a conscious contribution to society, a sort of duty of service.” 

The thirty pieces of silver

Boyd was concerned with humankind’s culpability for treatment of others and the natural world, and he connected his experiences with subjects from literature, folklore, classical mythology and religious stories. He worked in many media including ceramics, such as for the work, Thirty pieces of silver (1950).

Aboriginal groom

Boyd travelled to central Australia in 1951; like many Australians he had previously had very little contact with Aborigines, and he was shocked and dismayed at the living conditions of Aboriginal people in the Simpson Desert. He produced numerous small observational sketches, made as notes, during travel by car and truck in and around Alice Springs. Over time Boyd processed these experiences into a narrative which first manifest in the medium of ceramic tiles, such as Aboriginal groom (1957-58).

Bride in a Cave

Bride drinking from a pool

The groom and his bride were the protagonists in Boyd’s Bride series, which includes the significant paintings, Bride in a Cave (1958) and Bride drinking from a pool (1960), and convey his concern for the stigmatisation of those of mixed race.

Nebuchadnezzar being struck by lightning

Among other sources, Boyd raided the Bible for inspiration and found it in the tales of Nebuchadnezzar in the Book of Daniel.  “He was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen and his body was wet with the dew of Heaven till his hairs were grown like eagles’ feathers and his nails like birds’ claws." - chapter IV. 

Nebuchadnezzar being struck by lightning (1968-69) is a powerful canvas of thick smears of paint – dark blues and greens with a shocking yellow explosive head (and bright red testicles like a dog).

Nebuchadnezzar in a fire

This series was inspired by seeing self-immolation anti-Vietnam protesters (on Hampstead Heath). In Nebuchadnezzar in a fire (1969) the large canvas is full of raging colours and a skeletal howl of agony.

Red Nebuchadnezzar fallen in a forest with a lion

Meanwhile, in Red Nebuchadnezzar fallen in a forest with a lion (1969), the figures are nebulous but you can almost hear the roar of the lion in the red and yellow swirls and streaks of paint.

Menelaus throwing down sword before Helen

In 1970, Boyd was commissioned to create a series of etchings from Lysistrata. The gallery has six etchings from the series of twenty on display. Boyd has set the tale of women withholding sex from their menfolk in an attempt to stop the bloody conflict in a timeless period. 

The white figures against a black background are like the reverse of a Greek vase, but the series was produced during the Vietnam War, so while Boyd comically illustrates Aristophanes’ witty tale, the underlying theme is the futility of war. The women take action, highlighting the price women pay in war is too high – losing husbands, lovers and sons.

Nude with rabbit and syringe

In a vulnerable mental state and far from home, Boyd visited an animal research station in London where he saw vivisection and testing on animals. Whereas animals are often passive witnesses to human acts of atrocity in his work, the poor rabbit is the direct victim of the woman's savage needle in the etching Nude with rabbit and syringe (1968-9). Boyd suggests that the inhumanity towards animals is the result of man's monetary greed.

Large skate on a grey background

His concern for the environment is equally evident in Large skate on a grey background (1971) which is a departure in style if not content. The botanical depiction is real and lifelike, while the wounded flesh hints at cruelty and pain.

From 1974 Boyd began a new focus in his art, based on the Shoalhaven region around Bundanon, in New South Wales. He first visited Bundanon in 1971 whilst on a Creative Arts Fellowship at the Australian National University, Canberra, Boyd purchased his first property, Riversdale, on the Shoalhaven River near Bundanon in 1972, and the Bundanon property in 1979.

Jonah on the Shoalhaven

The painting of Jonah on the Shoalhaven (1976) combines elements of his artistic and environmental concerns. In the background a floating city with a mosque, and a mushroom cloud of destruction draw the eye, whereas in the foreground a figure rests against a withered tree on a white beach or perhaps salt flat, which provides very little shade with its falling leaves. The figure may be a man or a beast or a combination of both, tormented by a wound in his belly that appears to be full of gold coins. Boyd believed in the necessity for the individual to accept guilt.

"The only way to deal with [guilt] as an artist was to paint it out of my system. To expunge my own guilt by painting it and in a way face up to it. I mean guilt in a general sense, because although I do the painting, everyone else who then looks at it is in the same position as myself. I hopefully have helped them to face their guilt also"

The Magic Fish

In his take on the Pushkin tale, The Magic Fish (1978) depicts a blue fish vomiting a rainbow while a woman kneels before it. She could be praying to it, or throttling it, depending on which point of the narrative is reached.

Picture on the wall, Shoalhaven

Meanwhile, Picture on the wall, Shoalhaven (1979-80) clearly indicates his environmental concerns and fear of nuclear fallout. Whilst disinterested in organised politics, Boyd at times joined political actions. He participated in exhibitions protesting against the Vietnam War and commemorating the bombing of Hiroshima, and signed appeals to the Mexican government for clemency for artist David Siqueiros.

Pre-Embarkation, Suffolk

Pre-Embarkation, Suffolk (1979) is a notable work. As well as incorporating his interest in the colonial past (as seen from the naked man tied to a tree, the blood on the forest floor and the black man with a broom), it is interesting stylistically. The palette of greens and cool colours reflects his ten years in Europe. While he was living in England, he received commissions to design sets for ballet and opera. This theatrical staging and the cooler environment have clearly made themselves felt on his canvas.

Hanging rocks with bathers and Mars

Humankind’s recklessness is foretold in the burning book observed by Mars in Hanging rocks with bathers and Mars (1985). Both humans and gods appear detached from their environment, guarding as well as actively despoiling a world understood as a resource. 

Art historians consider the landscape in this painting shows signs of regrowth after fire,or perhaps a hint of military graves. They find a resemblance between the form in the distance and a nuclear power plant located close to Boyd’s Suffolk studio in England and also a water tower located near Bundanon. Boyd was aware of the changing character of the Australian landscape across recorded history, prior to human impact.

Shoalhaven bathers

In the colour etching Shoalhaven bathers (1987) water-skiers, scuba divers, boat owners and other self-absorbed intruders are depicted as aquatic invaders, some approximating the red-hued guise of Mars. These protagonists are ignorant of the possible threat they hold for the river environs. In Boyd’s imagery Bundanon was not only a stage for local ideas of collective significance, but also a site worthy of raising awareness regarding impending ecological disaster.

Spare the face, gentlemen, please

The exhibition concludes with some illustrations from Spare the face, gentlemen, please (1993), which illustrate the work of the same name by Tom Sanders, written in 1991. It is a collection of articles about his time in the army, living abroad, and his friendships, including reflections on the art world with all its meanness, deceit, pretensions and betrayals.

Boyd's raw and immediate artwork provides a shocking counterpoint to the written words, such as an illustration of a man shooting back at a firing squad with 'bullets' from his penis. 

“You cannot say enough bad words about war. For a long time I was obsessed by war, all those dark thoughts about the individual slaughter in the First World War, people with their legs hacked off and throats cut. The war got more mechanical and more scientific and more awful."

Much of Boyd's art focuses on the futility of war, yet, with similar atrocities occurring again and again, this exhibition could equally well ask the viewer to reflect upon the futility of art.